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Paul Klee (; 18 December 1879 – 29 June 1940) was a Swiss-German painter. His highly individual style was influenced by movements in art that included Expressionism, Cubism, and Surrealism. Klee was a natural draftsman who experimented with and eventually deeply explored color theory, writing about it extensively; his lectures ''Writings on Form and Design Theory'' (''Schriften zur Form und Gestaltungslehre''), published in English as the ''Paul Klee Notebooks'', are held to be as important for modern art as Leonardo da Vinci's ''A Treatise on Painting'' for the Renaissance.〔Disegno e progettazione By Marcello Petrignani p.17〕〔Guilo Carlo Argan "Preface", Paul Klee, The Thinking Eye, (ed. Jürg Spiller), Lund Humphries, London, 1961, p.13.〕〔 He and his colleague, Russian painter Wassily Kandinsky, both taught at the Bauhaus school of art, design and architecture. His works reflect his dry humor and his sometimes childlike perspective, his personal moods and beliefs, and his musicality. == Early life and training == Paul Klee was born in Münchenbuchsee, Switzerland, as the second child of German music teacher Hans Wilhelm Klee (1849–1940) and Swiss singer Ida Marie Klee, née Frick (1855–1921). His sister Mathilde (died 6 December 1953) was born on 28 January 1876 in Walzenhausen. Their father came from Tann and studied at the Stuttgart Conservatory singing, piano, organ and violin, meeting there his future wife Ida Frick. Hans Wilhelm Klee was active as a music teacher at the Bern State Seminary in Hofwil near Bern until 1931. Klee was able to develop his music skills as his parents encouraged and inspired him until his death.〔Rudloff, p. 65〕 In 1880, his family moved to Bern, where they moved 17 years later after numerous changes of residence into a house at the Kirchenfeld district.〔Baumgartner, p. 199〕 From 1886 to 1890, Klee visited primary school and received, at the age of 7, violin classes at the Municipal Music School. He was so talented on violin that, aged 11, he received an invitation to play as an extraordinary member of the Bern Music Association.〔Giedion-Welcker, p. 10-11〕 In his early years, following his parents’ wishes, Klee focused on becoming a musician; but he decided on the visual arts during his teen years, partly out of rebellion and partly because of a belief that modern music lacked meaning for him. He stated, "I didn't find the idea of going in for music creatively particularly attractive in view of the decline in the history of musical achievement."〔Partsch, p. 9〕 As a musician, he played and felt emotionally bound to traditional works of the eighteenth and nineteenth century, but as an artist he craved the freedom to explore radical ideas and styles.〔 At sixteen, Klee’s landscape drawings already show considerable skill.〔Kagan p. 54〕 Around 1897, Klee started his diary, which he kept until 1918, and which has provided scholars with valuable insight into his life and thinking.〔Partsch, p. 7〕 During his school years, he avidly drew in his school books, in particular drawing caricatures, and already demonstrating skill with line and volume.〔Partsch, p. 10〕 He barely passed his final exams at the "Gymnasium" of Bern, where he qualified in the Humanities. With his characteristic dry wit, he wrote, "After all, it’s rather difficult to achieve the ''exact'' minimum, and it involves risks."〔Kagan, p. 22〕 On his own time, in addition to his deep interests in music and art, Klee was a great reader of literature, and later a writer on art theory and aesthetics.〔Jardi, p. 8〕 With his parents' reluctant permission, in 1898 Klee began studying art at the Academy of Fine Arts in Munich with Heinrich Knirr and Franz von Stuck. He excelled at drawing but seemed to lack any natural color sense. He later recalled, "During the third winter I even realized that I probably would never learn to paint."〔 During these times of youthful adventure, Klee spent much time in pubs and had affairs with lower class women and artists' models. He had an illegitimate son in 1900 who died several weeks after birth.〔Partsch, p. 11〕 After receiving his Fine Arts degree, Klee went to Italy from October 1901 to May 1902〔Olga's Gallery (Paul Klee )〕 with friend Hermann Haller. They stayed in Rome, Florence, and Naples, and studied the master painters of past centuries.〔 He exclaimed, "The Forum and the Vatican have spoken to me. Humanism wants to suffocate me."〔Jardi, p. 9〕 He responded to the colors of Italy, but sadly noted, "that a long struggle lies in store for me in this field of color."〔Kagan, p. 23〕 For Klee, color represented the optimism and nobility in art, and a hope for relief from the pessimistic nature he expressed in his black-and-white grotesques and satires.〔 Returning to Bern, he lived with his parents for several years, and took occasional art classes. By 1905, he was developing some experimental techniques, including drawing with a needle on a blackened pane of glass, resulting in fifty-seven works including his ''Portrait of My Father'' (1906).〔 In the years 1903-5 he also completed a cycle of eleven zinc-plate etchings called ''Inventions'', his first exhibited works, in which he illustrated several grotesque characters.〔〔''(“Invention” Paul Klee at the Museum of Contemporary Art San Francisco )'' ARTinvestment.RU – 18 April 2009〕 He commented, "though I'm fairly satisfied with my etchings I can't go on like this. I’m not a specialist."〔Jardi, p. 10〕 Klee was still dividing his time with music, playing the violin in an orchestra and writing concert and theater reviews.〔Partsch, p. 12〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Paul Klee」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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